The far limit of polarization is anarchy, in which individuals become so far removed from their neighbors, and blocks of like-minded individuals become so small compared to the whole that the population becomes opaque →. Everyone is as if off wandering in their own direction, and radius of the realm of social trust falls towards Dunbar's number ⬈(i.e. individuals come to only trust the people they actually know and have a relationship with, as trust in strangers collapses).
Anarchy of this kind is exceptionally rare. This is how a culture dissolves and dies, and typically is only seen when the population that constitutes the culture itself literally dies (provided that the death is slow and chaotic enough).
The more usual place to find anarchy is in interregna (the periods of time between two political systems), and marginal boundaries.